Cardiac output insufficient for metabolic requirements of the body
Types:
Systolic dysfunction – decreased myocardial contractility
Diastolic dysfunction – insufficient expansion for ventricular volume
Problems accentuated by increased demand – high output heart failure
Forward failure: hypoperfusion
Backward failure:
congestion, eg hepatic congestion, pulmonary edema;
Raised ventricular end diastolic pressure(VEDP), increased venous pressure in RVF
CHF – Body’s Compensation
Tachycardia
Frank-Starling mechanism
increased End Diastolic Volume increases force of contraction
Compensated vs decompensated heart failure
Myocardial hypertrophy
Concentric hypertrophy in pressure overload, eg HTN, AS
Eccentric hypertrophy in volume overload eg AR, MR; heart will increase in size also
induction of fetal genes in the process makes the heart even more ineffective
Oxygen demand of the heart will be increased, making the matters worse.
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Secondary hyperaldosteronism causes a vicious cycle
Catecholamines – positive inotropic effect
Adrenergic redistribution of blood flow
Increase oxygen extraction from hemoglobin

Left-sided Heart Failure
Ischemic heart disease
Hypertension
Aortic and mitral valve disease
Myocardial disease, eg myocarditis and cardiomyopathy
Major causes of valvular diseases
Rheumatic heart disease
Infective endocarditis: acute valvular insufficiency( regurgitation)
Senile calcific aortic stenosis
Mitral valve prolpase syndrome
Dilated cardiomyopathy
MI causing papillary muscle dysfunction or rupture
Marfan syndrome causing aortic regurgitation
Rheumatoid arthritis
Syphilitic aortitis
Dissection of aorta( proximal or type A)
Lungs – Pulmonary edema
c/f (clinical features)
Dyspnea – breathlessness
Orthopnea – dyspnea lying down
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea – extreme dyspnea
S3 gallop on auscultation, with pansystolic murmur of MR and basal crepitations in the lower lung fields- pt may be in AF
Morphology
Dilated left ventricle
Edematous and congested lungs
M/E of lungs:
transudate in alveoli
Septal edema
Alveolar hemorrhage
Heart failure cells: macrophages with engulfed hemosiderin
chronic congestion of lungs causes brown induration due to hemosiderin and fibrosis

Lung – alveolar hemorrhage, heme-filled
macrophages “heart failure cells”, with
iron stain to right
Kidneys – reduced perfusion
Ischemic tubular necrosis / ATN
Prerenal azotemia

Kidney -ATN
Brain in CHF – cerebral hypoxia
Irritability
Loss of attention span
Restlessness
Stupor
Coma
Right-sided heart failure
Pure cor pulmonale
Can be a Consequence of left-sided failure
Myocardial – myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis
Left to right shunt
C/F(clinical features)
Raised JVP (jugular venous pressure)
Pedal edema
Tender hepatomegaly
Pleural effusion and Ascites

In this case, there is hypertrophy of the right ventricular myocardium.

Pulmonary arterial intimal thickening in pulmonary hypertension.

This is a plexiform lesion - a pulmonary artery which is dilated and has multiple small
recanalized lumens. This lesion is characteristic of very severe pulmonary hypertension.
Cor Pulmonale
Right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation secondary to pulmonary hypertension
Acute - right ventricular dilatation following pulmonary embolism
Chronic - right ventricular hypertrophy
Causes of Cor pulmonale
Disorders Affecting Chest Movement
Kyphoscoliosis
Marked obesity (pickwickian syndrome)
Neuromuscular diseases
Disorders Inducing Pulmonary Arterial
Constriction
Metabolic acidosis
Hypoxemia
Chronic altitude sickness
Obstruction to major airways
Idiopathic alveolar hypoventilation
Right failure - systemic effects
Liver –
chronic passive congestion
Centrilobular necrosis of hepatocytes causing nutmeg appearance on gross feature
Cardiac cirrhosis
Spleen – congestive splenomegaly
Kidneys – congestion and hypoxia
Subcut – peripheral edema and anasarca
Pleural space – effusions
Brain – venous congestion and hypoxia
Portal - ascites

Liver – chronic passive congestion – blood pools near the central veins

Liver – chronic passive congestion – red cell pooling near central veins
and pericentral necrosis of the hepatocytes
CHF – final pathway to death
Ischemic heart disease
Hypertensive heart disease
Valvular heart disease
Cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis
Specific heart muscle diseases
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