Muscles of back
Superficial layer:
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
rhomboid muscle
Deep layer:
eretor spinae
Superficial group
Trapezius
a large, triangular m. lying on the back of the neck and thorax;
Origin:
external occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, the spinous processes of 7th cervical vertebrae and all thoracic vertebrae;
Insertion:
lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula.
Action:
raises, descends, and rotates the scapula and extends the head.

superficial group
Latissimus Dorsi
It is a largest and triangular m. lying the back and lateral wall of thorax;
Origins: the spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae and all lumbar vertebrae;
Insertion: inserted into the floor of the intertubercular sulcus
Action:
Extend, adduct, and rotate the shoulder joint medially
superficial group
Levator scapulae
Origin : the transverse processes of the upper 4 cervical vertebrae;
Insertion : superior angle of scapula.
Action : raise the scapula.
rhomboideus
Lies deep to the trapezius. Adduct the scapular by pulling it medially toward the vertebral column.

The deep group
Position :
It lies in the vertebral groove on each side of vertebral spines.
Action : extend the spinal column and head.

Thoracolumbar fascia
Wrap the surrounding of erector muscle of spine. It can be divided into three layers:
Superficial layer:posterior to the erector spinae;
Middle layer :separate the erector spinae and the quadratus lumborum
Deep layer:anterior to the quadratus lumborum

Muscles of thorax
Extrinsic muscles
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior

Pectoralis major
Origin: medial half of clavicle, sternum, 1th-6th costal cartilages.
Insertion: crest of greater tubercle of humerus.
Action: flexes, adducts and rotates arm medially; arm fixed, elevates trunk; elevates ribs 1-6, aidding in forced inspiration.

Pectoralis minor
Deep to the pectoralis major
Origin: 3rd-5th ribs
Insertion: coracoid process of scapula
Action:
Draw the scapula forwards and downwards, when the scapula is fixed it helps the inspiration (by elevation the ribs)

Serratus anterior
It overlies the lateral wall of thorax
Origin: external surfaces of the upper 8~9 ribs
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: holds the scapula against the chest wall;Pulls the scapula forwards in throwing and pushing.

Intrinsic muscles
External Intercostale muscles
Origin: lower border of rib
Insertion: upper border of rib below origin
external intercostals membrane.
Action: elevate ribs adding in forced inspiration


Internal Intercostale muscles
Origin: upper border of rib;
Insertion: lower border of rib above origin
Replaced posteriorly by internal intercostals membrane.
Action: depress ribs for forced expiration


Diaphragm
Position and division:
dome-shaped between thorax and abdomen, consists of
Central tendon
muscular part
Sternal part:
Costal part:
Lumbar part: arises by left and right crus from upper 2-3 lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: central tendon

Openings of diaphragm:
Aortic hiatus
at the level of 12th thoracic vertebra, the thoracic aorta and thoracic duct pass through it.
Esophageal hiatus
at the level of 10th thoracic vertebra, the esophagus and vagus n. pass throught it.
Vena caval foramen
at the level of 8th thoracic vertebra, inferior vena cava through it.

Action:
Contraction: the dome moving downward, increases the volume of thoracic cavity which results in inspiration.
Relaxation: the dome returns to the former position, reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity, resulting in expiration.

Weak areas:
triangular spaces without muscular tissue
Lumbocostal triangle: between costal and lumbar parts.
Sternocostal triangle: between costal and sternal parts.

Muscles of abdomen
Anterolateral group
Obliquus externus abdominis
Obliquus internus abdominis
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

Obliquus externus abdominis
Origin:
Arises from the lower 8 ribs, and the muscular fibers run obliquely from the superolateal
to the inferomedial, the anterior part of the m. change gradually into aponeurosis, which pass over the rectus Abdominis;
Insertion: Linea alba

Structures
formed by aponeurosis of this m. include:
Inguinal ligament
Superficial inguinal ring - triangular-shaped hiatus above pubic tubercle
Lacunar ligament

Obliquus internus abdominis
Origin: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and the lateral half of the ingunal lig.
Insertion: Linea alba
The muscular fibers run upwards and forwards, and become the aponeurosis close the lateral border of the rectus abdominis. Its aponeurosis divided into two layers to inclose the rectus abdominis.

Transversels abdominis:
is the deepest one of the three flat abdominal m.
Origin:
it arises from the costal cartilages of the lower 6 ribs,the thoracolumbar fascia , the iliac crest and the lateral 1/3 of the ingunal lig.
Insertion: Linea alba
The muscular fibers run transversly, and pass deep to rectus abdominis.

Inguinal falx (conjoined tendon) :
is a common aponeurosis joined by obliquus internus abdominis and transverse abdominis, it turns downwards to insert the pubic crest and pecten pubis.
Cremaster : around the spermatic cord and testis

Rectus abdominis:
is a long, broad, strap m. and the principal vertical one of the anterior abdominal wall.
Origin: it arises from pubic symphysis and pubic crest.
Insertion: xiphoid process and 5th to 7th costal cartilages.
The two muscles are separated by the linea alba and enclosed in the rectus sheath.

The Sheath of rectus abdominis
Anterior layer:
formed by the aponeurosis of obliquus externus abdominis ; anterior leaf of aponeurosis
of obliquus internus abdominis
Posterior layer: formed byposterion leaf of aponeurosis of obliquus internusabdominis;
aponeurosis of transverses abdominis

The Sheath of rectus abdominis
arcuate line or semicircular line
at about 4-5cm below the umbilicus, the lower free border of the posterior layer of the sheath present arcuated.
Below this line the rectus abdominis in contact with transverse fascia directly.

Linea alba
tendinous raphe between right and left rectus abdominis from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis.

The functions of the four pairs of muscles
Support and protect the abdominal viscera
Maintain and increase intra-abdominal pressure, aid in vomiting, coughing, sneezing, defecation, urination and childbirth.
Flex, lateral flex, and rotate vertebral column

Inguinal canal
Position:
oblique passage about 4cm long, and passes downwards and medially, it lies parallel to, and immediately above medial half of inguinal lig. It has two openings and four walls.

Four walls
Anterior wall
Aponeurosis of obliquus externus abdominis
Obliquus internus abdominis (lateral third of wall)

Post wall
—Transverse fascia
— Inguinal flax medially
Roof- lower fibers of obliquus internus and transversus abdominis
Floor-inguinal ligament.

Two openings
Superficial inguinal ring
Deep inguinal ring
-defect in transverse fascia,lies at about 1.5cm above midpoint of inguinal ligament

Structures passing through the inguinal canal
Male: Spermatic cord
Female: Round ligament of uterus






mbbs in Philippines
ReplyDeleteEvery year, almost 8000 foreign students take admission in Philippines Medical universities and out of which around 50% are Indian students. The standard of education in Philippines universities is well known around the world. Thousands of doctors from these medical universities are sent to various countries like USA and UK every year. There are around 2299 higher educational institutions and 40 medical colleges. The main benefits of pursuing MD degree from
Top Medical Colleges in Philippines :
EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
LYCEUM NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
DAVAO MEDICAL SCHOOL FOUNDATION
SOUTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
Top Searched Topics on MBBS in Philippines
study mbbs in philippines
philippines medical colleges list
best medical colleges in philippines for indian students
philippines medical colleges
best medical colleges in philippines
mci approved medical colleges in philippines
for more information contact us : +91 90329 55688
UV GULLAS COLLEGE OF MEDICINE is one of Top Medical College in Philippines in Cebu city. International students have the oppertunity to study medicine in phillipines at affordable cost and world class University. The college has successful alumni who have achieved well in the fields of law, business, politics, academe, medicine, sports and other endeavors. At University of the Visayas, we prepare students for a global competition.
ReplyDeleteDirect MBBS Admissions Open: 2020-21
Mobile No: +91 90329 55688
Apply Now: https://www.careerplus.org.in/philippines-medical-college/uv-gullas-college-of-medicine
MBBS in Philippines Wisdom Overseas is authorized India's Exclusive Partner of Southwestern University PHINMA, the Philippines established its strong trust in the minds of all the Indian medical aspirants and their parents. Under the excellent leadership of the founder Director Mr. Thummala Ravikanth, Wisdom meritoriously won the hearts of thousands of future doctors and was praised as the “Top Medical Career Growth Specialists" among Overseas Medical Education Consultants in India.
ReplyDeleteWhy Southwestern University Philippines
5 years of total Duration
3D simulator technological teaching
Experienced and Expert Doctors as faculty
More than 40% of the US returned Doctors
SWU training Hospital within the campus
More than 6000 bedded capacity for Internship
Final year (4th year of MD) compulsory Internship approved by MCI (No need to do an internship in India)
Vital service centers and commercial spaces
Own Hostel accommodations for local and foreign students
Safe, Secure, and lavish environment for vibrant student experience
All sports grounds including Cricket, Volleyball, and others available for students