Joints of upper limb
Joints of should girdle
Sternoclavicular joint
Bones: sternal end of clavicle, clavicular notch of sternum, and first costal cartilage
Articular capsule:
strong and is reinforced by anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments An articular disc is attached to the capsule, dividing the joint into two cavities.
Movements: elevation and depression, forward and backward, rotation and circumduction of the acromial end of the clavicle

Acromioclavicular joint
Bones: acromion and acromial end of clavicle
Movement: rotation of scapula on clavicle
Coracoacromial arch:
formed by coracoacromial ligament, coranoid process, and acromion, that prevents the shoulder joint from superior dislocation.

Joints of free upper limb
Shoulder joint
(ball and socket)
Bones:
head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
Capsule:
Thin and lax, especially lower part
Attachments: proximal to glenoid labrum; distal to anatomical neck of humerus, except medially where it is slightly distal to surgical neck
Tendon of long head of biceps brachii passes though the cavity

Accessory structures
Glenoid labrum: fibrocartilaginous ring on periphery of glenoid cavity
Coracohumeral ligament :runs from coracoid process to greater tubercle
Movements: flexion,
extension, adduction,
abduction, medial and
lateral rotation,
circumduction


Elbow joint
Bones: lower end of humerus, upper ends of radius and ulna
Humeroulnar joint :
formed by trochlear of humerus and troclear noch (hinge)
Humeroradial joint:
formed by capitulum of humerus and head of radius (ball and socket)
Proximal radioulnar joint:
formed by articular circumference of radius and radial notch of ulna
Capsule:
thin and lax anteriorly and posteriorly, strongly thickened on either side by collateral ligaments

Ligaments:
Radial collacteral ligament:
attached to lateral epicondyle and annular ligament of radius
Ulnar collacteral ligament:
attached to medial epicondyle to medial border of trochlear notch
Annular ligament of radius: attached to anterior and posterior margins of radial notch of ulna, surrounds the head of radius
Movements:
flexion and extension,
pronation and supination


Joints between radius and ulna
Proximal radioulnar joint
Distal radioulnar joint: formed by head of ulna, ulnar notch of radius and an articular disc
Interosseous membrane of forearm: a fibrous membrane between the shaft of radius and ulna

Joints of hand
Radiocarpal joint (ellipsoid)
Bones
Carpal articular surface of radius and articular disc below the ulna
Proximal row of carpal: scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones, but not pisiform
Capsule: lax and strengthened by surrounding ligament
Movements: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction

Intercarpal joints
Carpometacarpal joints
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Bones: trapezium and base of first metacarpal
Movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and opposition
Intermetacarpal joints
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints

Joints of Lower limb
Joints of pelvic girdle
Sacroiliac joint
Bones: auricular surface of sacrum and ilium
Capsule: very tight and strengthened by ligaments

Vertebropelvic ligaments
Iliolumbal ligament: runs from transverse process of L5 to the posterosuperior part of iliac crest
Sacrotuberous ligament:
runs from lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx to the inner margin of ischial tuberosity
Sacrospinous ligament:
runs from ischial spine to lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx
These two ligaments convert the sciatic notches the greater and lesser sciatic foramina

Pubic symphysis
Articulation:
symphysial surface and interpubic disc (fibrocartilage)
Ligaments: superior pubic ligament and arcuate pubic ligament
Obturator membrane
Obturator canal

Bony pelvis
Composition:
formed by paired hip bones, sacrum, coccyx, and their articulations
In anatomical position, anterior superior iliac spines and pubic tubercles on same vertical plane, while the tip of coccyx and superior border of pubic symphysis on same horizontal plane.
Terminal line:
formed by promontory of sacrum, arcuate line, pectin of pubis, pubic tubercle, upper border of pubic symphysis
Two portions: a greater pelvis and a lesser pelvis

Lesser pelvis
pelvic inlet (terminal line):
Pelvic outlet :
formed by tip of coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, ischial tuberosity, ramus of ischium, inferior ramus of pubic, symphysis
Pelvic cavity
Pubic arch, subpubic angle

Main difference between male and femal pelvis




Joints of free lower limb
Hip joint
Bones: acetabulum and femoral head
Articular capsule attachments
Above: margins of acetabulum and transverse acetebular ligament
Below: in front to intertrochanteric line; behind, to the neck of femur above 1 cm above the intertrochanteric crest

Accessory structures
Acetabulum labrum; transverse acetebular ligament
Ligaments
Iliofemoral lig.
Ligament of head of femur
Pubofemoral lig.
Ischiofemoral ligament
Zona orbicularis
Movement:
flexion, extention, adduction, abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction




Knee joint
Bones: lower end of femur, upper end of tibia and patella
Articular capsule: superapatellar bursa,
deep infrapatellar bursa, ala folds

Accessory structures
ligaments
Patellar lig.
Fibular collateral lig.
Tibial collateral lig.

Oblique popliteal ligament
Anterior cruciate ligment
Posterior cruciate ligament

Medial meniscus (C-shaped)
lateral meniscus (O-shaped)
Movements: flexion and extension; flexed knee joint may be passively rotated through 700


Tibiofibular syndesmosis
Tibiofibular joint
Crural interosseous membrane
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

Joint of foot
Talocrural joint (ankle joint)
Bones: lower ends of tibia and fibula, trochlea of talus
Articular capsule: thin and lax in front and behind, and supported on each side by strong collateral ligaments.

Medial lig.
Lateral lig.
Anterior talofibular lig.
Calcaneofibular lig.
Posterior talofibular lig.
Movements:
dosiflexion (extension) and plantar flexion (flexion); when the ankle joint is fully plantar flexed, small amounts of abduction, and adduction are possible.

Intertarsal joints
Talocalcaneal joint
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Calcaneocuboid joint
Tarsometatarsal joints
Intermetatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
Arches of foot
Medial longitudinal arch:
formed by calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiforms and first to third metatarsal bones, head of talus is the keystone of this arch

Lateral longitudinal arch:
formed by calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth metatarsals; cuboid is the keystone of this arch.

Tranverse arch:
formed by cuboid, three cuniforms and all metatarsals; the intermediate cuneiform is the keystone of this arch
Function: give to foot strength stability and resilience; protect plantar vessels and nerves


Joints of skull
Continuous joints: sutures, synchondrosis or synosteosis

Temporomandibular joint
Aticulating surfaces
Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle, above
Head of mandibule, below
Capsule: thin and lax in front and behind; strengthened by the lateral ligament
Articular disc: separates surfaces, forming upper and lower compartments within joint
Movement: mandible may be elevated or depressed, protruded or retracted; rotation may also occurs as in chewing( a slight amount of side to side movement is also permitted)


This report will really Helpfull Herbal Products | Herbal Food Supplements | Diabetic Control
ReplyDeletembbs in Philippines
ReplyDeleteEvery year, almost 8000 foreign students take admission in Philippines Medical universities and out of which around 50% are Indian students. The standard of education in Philippines universities is well known around the world. Thousands of doctors from these medical universities are sent to various countries like USA and UK every year. There are around 2299 higher educational institutions and 40 medical colleges. The main benefits of pursuing MD degree from
Top Medical Colleges in Philippines :
EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
LYCEUM NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
DAVAO MEDICAL SCHOOL FOUNDATION
SOUTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
Top Searched Topics on MBBS in Philippines
study mbbs in philippines
philippines medical colleges list
best medical colleges in philippines for indian students
philippines medical colleges
best medical colleges in philippines
mci approved medical colleges in philippines
for more information contact us : +91 90329 55688
UV GULLAS COLLEGE OF MEDICINE is one of Top Medical College in Philippines in Cebu city. International students have the oppertunity to study medicine in phillipines at affordable cost and world class University. The college has successful alumni who have achieved well in the fields of law, business, politics, academe, medicine, sports and other endeavors. At University of the Visayas, we prepare students for a global competition.
ReplyDeleteDirect MBBS Admissions Open: 2020-21
Mobile No: +91 90329 55688
Apply Now: https://www.careerplus.org.in/philippines-medical-college/uv-gullas-college-of-medicine
With the photographs, you can get a decent view of the plans of the rings, and it will be simpler for you to purchase the best item. In this way, you might not have any desire to disregard the tributes. skull leggings
ReplyDeleteMBBS in Philippines Wisdom Overseas is authorized India's Exclusive Partner of Southwestern University PHINMA, the Philippines established its strong trust in the minds of all the Indian medical aspirants and their parents. Under the excellent leadership of the founder Director Mr. Thummala Ravikanth, Wisdom meritoriously won the hearts of thousands of future doctors and was praised as the “Top Medical Career Growth Specialists" among Overseas Medical Education Consultants in India.
ReplyDeleteWhy Southwestern University Philippines
5 years of total Duration
3D simulator technological teaching
Experienced and Expert Doctors as faculty
More than 40% of the US returned Doctors
SWU training Hospital within the campus
More than 6000 bedded capacity for Internship
Final year (4th year of MD) compulsory Internship approved by MCI (No need to do an internship in India)
Vital service centers and commercial spaces
Own Hostel accommodations for local and foreign students
Safe, Secure, and lavish environment for vibrant student experience
All sports grounds including Cricket, Volleyball, and others available for students