Secondary (or postprimary) tuberculosis:
reactivation of dormant primary lesions many decades after initial infection, particularly when host resistance is weakened; or reinfection
Morphology
apex of one or both upper lobes is the most common site due to high oxygen tension in the apices
cavitation occurs readily in the secondary form, resulting in dissemination along the airways
persons with AIDS and advanced immunosuppression (CD4+ counts less than 200 cells/mm3)
clinical picture that resembles progressive primary tuberculosis
sputum-smear negativity due to absence of tissue (bronchial wall) destruction due to suppressed type IV hypersensitivity
negative PPD because of tuberculin anergy
lack of characteristic granulomas in tissues
Progressive pulmonary tuberculosis:
Erosion into a bronchus evacuates the caseous center, creating a ragged, irregular cavity
Erosion of blood vessels results in hemoptysis
Miliary pulmonary disease occurs when organisms drain through lymphatics into the lymphatic ducts, which empty into the venous return to the right side of the heart and thence into the pulmonary arteries
pleural effusions, tuberculous empyema, or obliterative fibrous pleuritis
Endobronchial, endotracheal, and laryngeal tuberculosis
Systemic miliary tuberculosis:
tuberculous meningitis
renal tuberculosis
Addison disease( adrenal TB)
Salpingitis( chronic PID)
Pott disease and Paraspinal "cold" abscesses
Lymphadenitis ( scrofula, cervical LN common)
intestinal tuberculosis: organisms are trapped in mucosal lymphoid aggregates of the small and large bowel, which then undergo inflammatory enlargement with ulceration of the overlying mucosa, particularly in the ileum.
Cavitary Tuberculosis:
When soft, necrotic center drain out leave behind a cavity.
Cavitation is typical for large granulomas.
Cavitation is more common in the reactivation tuberculosis seen in upper lobes.
Miliary Tuberculosis:
Extensive infection
Hematogenous spread
Low immunity
Pulmonary or Systemic types.
Adrenal TB - Addison Disease

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